Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) bridges immune and nervous systems and plays pleiotropic roles in modulating\ninflammation in animal models by targeting different immune, proinflammatory, epithelial, endothelial, stem, and progenitor\ncells and signaling pathways. Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating inflammatory disease. It is pathogenically heterogeneous\nand involves many cells and signaling pathways. Here, we emphasized the research regarding the modulatory effects of CAP on\nanimal models, cell population, and signaling pathways that involved in the pathogenesis of ALI. By comparing the differential\neffects of CAP on systemic and pulmonary inflammation, we postulated that a pulmonary parasympathetic inflammatory reflex is\nformed to sense and respond to pathogens in the lung.Work targeting the formation and function of pulmonary parasympathetic\ninflammatory reflex would extend our understanding of how vagus nerve senses, recognizes, and fights with pathogens and\ninflammatory responses.
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